Причастни конструкции (Participle clauses)
Учим причастни конструкции (participle clauses), с които правим изреченията по-кратки и по-стегнати. Сегашното причастие (-ing) има активно значение, миналото причастие (3. форма) има страдателно значение, а Having + 3. форма показва действие, станало преди другото. Тези конструкции често заместват относително изречение или изречение с when, after, because.
Какво да запомним
- -ing = активно: The boy playing the guitar = The boy who is playing the guitar
- 3. форма = страдателно: The novel, published in 1949 = which was published in 1949
- Having + 3. форма = по-ранно действие: Having watched the film, we went out.
- Отрицание: Not knowing what to say, she remained silent.
- Подлогът на двете части трябва да е един и същ
Пример
Located in Paris, the Louvre attracts millions of visitors. = Разположен в Париж, Лувърът привлича милиони посетители.
Проверете се: 15 въпроса
Натиснете въпроса, за да видите верния отговор и обяснението.
The boy ___ the guitar is my cousin.
- played
- playing
- plays
- to play
Отговор: playing
Сегашното причастие playing замества who is playing.
The novel, ___ in 1949, is still popular today.
- publishing
- publishes
- published
- having publish
Отговор: published
Миналото причастие published има страдателно значение: which was published.
___ the film, we went for a pizza.
- Having watching
- Watched
- Have watched
- Having watched
Отговор: Having watched
Having + V3 показва действие, станало преди главното.
___ by the audience, the actor bowed again.
- Applauded
- Applauding
- Having applauding
- Applaud
Отговор: Applauded
Актьорът е аплодиран (страдателно значение), затова се използва миналото причастие.
Which sentence is correct?
- Walking into the gallery, a huge painting caught my eye.
- Walking into the gallery, I noticed a huge painting.
- Walked into the gallery, I noticed a huge painting.
- Having walk into the gallery, I noticed a huge painting.
Отговор: Walking into the gallery, I noticed a huge painting.
Подлогът на причастната конструкция трябва да съвпада с подлога на главното изречение: аз влизам и аз забелязвам.
The painting ___ on the wall is by Picasso.
- hangs
- to hang
- hanged
- hanging
Отговор: hanging
Hanging (висящата) замества which is hanging. Hanged се използва само за хора (обесен).
The songs ___ by this band are very popular.
- written
- writing
- wrote
- writes
Отговор: written
Written замества which were written (страдателно значение).
Not ___ what to say, she remained silent.
- known
- knowing
- knew
- to know
Отговор: knowing
Not knowing = because she didn't know. Отрицанието not стои пред причастието.
___ in Paris, the Louvre attracts millions of visitors.
- Locating
- Having locating
- Located
- Locate
Отговор: Located
Located in Paris = which is located in Paris (страдателно значение).
Choose the participle clause that means 'After she had finished the book, she wrote a review.'
- Finished the book, she wrote a review.
- Having finishing the book, she wrote a review.
- Being finished the book, she wrote a review.
- Having finished the book, she wrote a review.
Отговор: Having finished the book, she wrote a review.
Having + V3 изразява действие, предхождащо главното.
Who is the girl ___ next to Maria?
- sat
- sitting
- sits
- to sit
Отговор: sitting
Sitting замества who is sitting: момичето извършва действието, затова -ing.
___ tired, she went to bed early.
- Felt
- To feel
- Feeling
- Feels
Отговор: Feeling
Feeling tired = Because she felt tired. Причастната конструкция показва причина.
What does this mean: 'Having lost the tickets, we couldn't see the play.'?
- We lost them after the play.
- We are losing them now.
- We will lose them later.
- We lost the tickets first.
Отговор: We lost the tickets first.
Having + 3. форма показва действие, станало преди другото: първо изгубихме билетите.
While ___ the museum, we met our teacher.
- visiting
- visited
- having visit
- visit
Отговор: visiting
След while използваме -ing: While visiting = While we were visiting.
Choose the best rewrite: 'Because he didn't have any money, he walked home.'
- Having not money, he walked home.
- Not having any money, he walked home.
- Not had any money, he walked home.
- Didn't having money, he walked home.
Отговор: Not having any money, he walked home.
Отрицанието в причастна конструкция е Not + -ing: Not having any money.